1 True or False: The bladder drains into the ureters.

1) True or False: The bladder drains into the ureters.

False

1) True/False: The kidneys are long, thin muscular tubes.

False 2) A person sustained blunt force trauma to the back at the T5 level, with no spinal cord injury.Would you suspect the kidneys to be damaged? Why or why not?No, the kidneys lie between the T-12 and L-3 2) A person sustained blunt force trauma to the back at the L1 level, with no spinal cord injury.Would you suspect the kidneys to be damaged? Why or why not Yes, because the kidneys are between T12-L3 3) Describe the consistency and purpose of the renal fascia.The outer renal fascia is dense fibrous connective tissue which keeps the kidney in place inside the abdominal cavity.3) Describe the consistency and purpose of the renal capsule.The renal capsule is a protective layer of the kidney. It protects the kidney from injury and infection.4) Name the layer and discuss the purpose of its extensions in the region highlighted in blue, below.Calyces; The calyces collect urine and drains it in the renal pelvis .4) Name the layer and the parts of the nephrons located in the region highlighted in green, below.Located within the cortex are the glomerular capsule and the distal and proximal convoluted tubule sections of the nephrons. This study source was downloaded by 100000864885202 from CourseHero.com on 07-10-2023 10:43:23 GMT -05:00

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4) medulla renal pyramid 5) These arteries flow in between the renal pyramids.Interlobar 5) These arteries divide into the segmental arteries as they flow into the kidney.

• Renal

6) After the vasa recta, blood next moves into these vessels.-Interlobular veins 6) Interlobular veins converge to form the___.

• Arcuate veins

6) After filtration occurs, next blood travels into these vessels.Efferent arteriole 7) Name the region in the diagram below, indicated by the red arrow.DCT (Distal convoluted tubule) 7) Name the region in the diagram below, indicated by the red arrow.Proximal convoluted tubule This study source was downloaded by 100000864885202 from CourseHero.com on 07-10-2023 10:43:23 GMT -05:00

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8) Which of the following is true about the location of the bladder?

• In females, the vagina is behind the bladder.

8) Which of the following is false about the location of the bladder?.

• In females, the bladder is posterior to the uterus.
• In females, the bladder is in between the rectum and the uterus.

Correct! E. B&C are false 9) Describe the purposes of the urethral sphincters.● The involuntary-controlled internal urethral sphincter is located near the bladder and keeps the urethra closed to prevent urine from leaving the bladder.● The voluntary-controlled external urethral sphincter, composed of skeletal muscle, surrounds the urethra as it passes through the pelvic floor.9) Based strictly on anatomical structural differences, are males or females more likely to get a UTI? Explain your answer.

• females, because their urethra is shorter and the opening is

closer to the anus so bacteria has a higher chance of entering the bladder through the urethra causing the infection .10) A patient was just placed under general anesthesia. He is now awake and telling you he is having a hard time excreting urine. What is most likely causing the difficulty?Urinary retention due to slowed detrusor muscle 10) An elderly male with dementia frequently micturates at inappropriate "mes (during meals, not in the toilet). What is most likely causing the difficulty?Incontinence due to end stage dementia 10) An elderly male is unable to micturate. What is most likely causing the difficulty?

• urinary retention due to enlarged prostate

11) This is the smallest region of the male urethra.

• membranous

11) This region of the male urethra exits the bladder

• Prostatic

11) This region of the male urethra exits the body.

• Spongy

12) What causes the extremely high blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries? This study source was downloaded by 100000864885202 from CourseHero.com on 07-10-2023 10:43:23 GMT -05:00

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The afferent arteriole, which is fed by the interlobular artery, is much larger in diameter than the efferent arteriole. The difference in diameter causes an extremely high blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries.12) Describe the difference between the two types of nephrons.

• Cortical nephrons are in the cortex region of the kidney, except for a por!on of their loop of

Henle which extends into the medulla.

• The remaining nephrons, called juxtamedullary nephrons, pass deeply into the medulla

because of their loca!on and their longer loops of Henle.12) What causes the extremely high blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries?

• the afferent arteriole. Fed by interlobular artery which is larger in diameter

13) Micturition can be controlled consciously because of

• Voluntary control over the external sphincter

13) For micturition to occur, the _____ sphincter _____.

- INTERNAL; RELAXES, EXTERNAL; RELAXES

14) This is the pressure that depends upon a person's blood pressure from the heart and

vessels:

• Correct! Hydrostatic pressure

14) This is the blood pressure driving fluid out of the capillaries:

• Hydrostatic pressure

15) Calculate the net filtration pressure for your patient given the following values. Show your work. (Not all values listed may be used).

• Colloid osmotic pressure = 25
• Capsular pressure= 15
• Hydrostatic pressure = 50

- GFR= 120

(Outgoing forces – incoming forces) HP- (COP + Capsular pressure) 50mmHg - (25mmHg +15mmHg)) = 10mmHg (net outward pressure) 16)Describe in detail what happens during an emergency to control the rate of blood to the kidney.During these times the renal autoregulatory system is superseded by higher level nervous system controls. When the nervous system takes over regulation, the afferent arterioles diameter is narrowed by sympathetic nerve fibers. The release of the hormone epinephrine by the adrenal medulla causes a decrease in renal blood flow and decreases the GFR.Constriction of the renal arteries is only to be used for a short time. This study source was downloaded by 100000864885202 from CourseHero.com on 07-10-2023 10:43:23 GMT -05:00

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