ANTH 3001 FINAL EXAM PREP

ANTH 3001 FINAL EXAM PREP

Indigenous Peoples in the Modern World

ANSWERED

2023/2024

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• How many indigenous peoples are there in the world, and what percentage of the global population do

they represent? Name at least three countries that have indigenous populations.

• Answer: According to the United Nations and the World Bank, there are an estimated 476 million

indigenous peoples in the world, living across 90 countries. They make up less than 5 percent of the global population, but account for 15 percent of the poorest. Some examples of countries that have indigenous populations are Australia, Canada, China, India, Mexico and New Zealand.

• Rationale: This question tests the students' basic knowledge of the demographic and geographic

distribution of indigenous peoples, as well as their awareness of the diversity and inequality that they face.

• What are some of the common characteristics that define indigenous peoples, according to the United

Nations?

• Answer: The United Nations does not have a formal definition of indigenous peoples, but it identifies

some common characteristics that they share, such as:

• Self-identification as members of a distinct indigenous cultural group and recognition by others
• Historical continuity with pre-colonial and/or pre-settler societies
• Strong link to territories and surrounding natural resources
• Distinct social, economic or political systems
• Distinct language, culture and beliefs
• Form non-dominant groups of society
• Resolve to maintain and reproduce their ancestral environments and systems as distinctive peoples and

communities

• Rationale: This question tests the students' understanding of the concept and criteria of indigeneity, as well

as their recognition of the cultural and political diversity and autonomy of indigenous peoples.

• What are some of the main challenges that indigenous peoples face in the modern world?

• Answer: Indigenous peoples face many challenges in the modern world, such as:
• Loss of lands, territories and resources due to colonization, development, extraction and climate change
• Marginalization, discrimination and violence based on their ethnic, cultural or linguistic identity
• Lack of recognition and protection of their collective rights to self-determination, participation,

consultation and consent

• Poverty, inequality and social exclusion that limit their access to education, health care, employment and

justice

• Threats to their languages, cultures and traditional knowledge due to assimilation, globalization and

modernization

• Rationale: This question tests the students' awareness of the historical and contemporary issues that affect

indigenous peoples' lives, livelihoods and well-being.

• What are some of the main contributions that indigenous peoples make to the modern world?

• Answer: Indigenous peoples make many contributions to the modern world, such as:
• Preserving and enhancing the biodiversity and ecosystems of their lands and territories
• Providing valuable knowledge and practices for sustainable development and environmental management
• Promoting cultural diversity and intercultural dialogue through their languages, arts and traditions
• Engaging in international trade and investment through their businesses and enterprises
• Advocating for human rights, peace and justice through their movements and organizations
• Rationale: This question tests the students' appreciation of the positive impacts and innovations that

indigenous peoples bring to the global society.

• What are some of the international instruments that recognize and protect the rights of indigenous

peoples?

• Answer: Some of the international instruments that recognize and protect the rights of indigenous peoples

are:

• The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), adopted in 2007 by the

General Assembly, which affirms the minimum standards for the survival, dignity and well-being of indigenous peoples

• The International Labour Organization Convention No. 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples (ILO

C169), adopted in 1989 by the International Labour Conference, which sets out the principles for consultation, participation and protection of indigenous peoples

• The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), adopted in 1992 by the United Nations Conference on

Environment and Development (UNCED), which recognizes the role of indigenous peoples in conserving biological diversity

• The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), adopted in 1992 by

UNCED, which acknowledges

• What is the estimated number of indigenous peoples in the world, and what percentage of the global

population do they represent?

• 476 million, 6.2%
• 570 million, 7.5%
• 650 million, 8.4%
• 720 million, 9.3%

- Answer: A) 476 million, 6.2%

• Rationale: According to the United Nations and the World Bank, there are an estimated 476 million

indigenous peoples living in 90 countries across the world, accounting for 6.2 per cent of the global population. This question tests the students' knowledge of basic demographic facts about indigenous peoples.

• How many languages and cultures do indigenous peoples speak and represent, respectively?
• 5,000 languages, 7,000 cultures
• 6,000 languages, 8,000 cultures
• 7,000 languages, 5,000 cultures
• 8,000 languages, 6,000 cultures

- Answer: C) 7,000 languages, 5,000 cultures

• Rationale: According to the United Nations , indigenous peoples speak an overwhelming majority of the

world’s estimated 7,000 languages and represent 5,000 different cultures. This question tests the students' awareness of the linguistic and cultural diversity of indigenous peoples.

• What are some of the common challenges that indigenous peoples face in the modern world?
• Poverty, discrimination, land dispossession, environmental degradation
• Education, health care, political representation, cultural preservation
• Migration, urbanization, globalization, assimilation
• All of the above

- Answer: D) All of the above

• Rationale: Indigenous peoples face multiple and interrelated challenges in the modern world that affect

their economic, social, political and cultural rights and well-being. These challenges include poverty , discrimination , land dispossession, environmental degradation, education, health care, political representation , cultural preservation , migration, urbanization, globalization and assimilation. This question tests the students' understanding of the complex and multifaceted issues that indigenous peoples encounter.

• What are some of the international instruments or mechanisms that aim to protect and promote the rights

of indigenous peoples?

• The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)
• The International Labour Organization Convention No.169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples (ILO

C169)

• The United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII)
• All of the above

- Answer: D) All of the above

• Rationale: The UNDRIP is a comprehensive declaration that affirms the collective and individual rights

of indigenous peoples in various domains such as self-determination, culture, identity, education, health, employment and land. The ILO C169 is a legally binding convention that sets out minimum standards for the protection and empowerment of indigenous and tribal peoples in areas such as consultation, participation, land rights and social security. The UNPFII is an advisory body that provides expert guidance and recommendations on indigenous issues to various UN agencies and member states. This question tests the students' familiarity with the main international frameworks that address indigenous peoples' rights.