Chapter 01: Foundations of Clinical Sonography

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Chapter 01: Foundations of Clinical Sonography

Hagen-Ansert: Textbook of Diagnostic Sonography, 8th Edition

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Historically, the development of ultrasound began shortly after:

• radio communication in World War I.
• sonar in World War II.
• nuclear testing in World War II.
• the launching of Sputnik.

ANS: B

World War II brought sonar equipment to the forefront for defense purposes. Ultrasound was influenced by the success of sonar equipment.

PTS: 1 REF: p. 7 OBJ: Detail a timeline for pioneers in the advancement of medical diagnostic ultrasound.

TOP: Historical overview of sound theory and medical ultrasound

2. The early applications of obstetric ultrasound were initiated by:

• Joseph Holmes.
• Ian Donald.
• John Howry.
• William Fry.

ANS: B

The early obstetric compound scanner was built by Tom Brown and Dr. Ian Donald in Scotland in 1957.

PTS: 1 REF: p. 7 OBJ: Detail a timeline for pioneers in the advancement of medical diagnostic ultrasound.

TOP: Historical overview of sound theory and medical ultrasound

3. Visualization of the cardiac structures in the heart was discovered by:

• Joseph Holmes.
• Ian Donald.
• Hertz and Edler.
• George Ludwig.

ANS: C

In 1954, echocardiographic techniques were developed in Sweden by Drs. C.H. Hertz and I.Edler.

PTS: 1 REF: p. 7 OBJ: Detail a timeline for pioneers in the advancement of medical diagnostic ultrasound.

TOP: Historical overview of sound theory and medical ultrasound

• Which one of the following statements about the role of sonographers is false?
• Sonographers perform ultrasound studies and gather diagnostic data independent

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Textbook of Diagnostic Sonography 8th Edition Hagen-Ansert Test Bank

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of the physician.

• Sonographers must possess intellectual curiosity and perseverance.
• Sonographers must have a technical aptitude.
• Sonographers must be able to communicate on different levels.

ANS: A

A sonographer performs ultrasound studies gathering diagnostic data under both the direct and the indirect supervision of a physician. They also must assess clinical history and symptoms, interpret laboratory values, and understand other diagnostic examinations.

PTS: 1 REF: p. 5 OBJ: Describe a career in ultrasound.

TOP: Role of the sonographer

5. In soft tissues, the assumed propagation velocity is (in meters per second):

• 1320.
• 1450.
• 1540.
• 1650.

ANS: C

In soft tissues, the assumed propagation velocity (speed) is 1540 meters per second.

PTS: 1 REF: p. 9 OBJ: Demonstrate an understanding of the basic principles and terminology of ultrasound.

TOP: Introduction to basic ultrasound principles - Acoustics

6. Diagnostic ultrasound uses the frequencies of:

• 10 to 15 kHz.
• 1 to 20 kHz.
• 100 to 1000 Hz.
• 1 to 20 MHz.

ANS: D

Diagnostic application of ultrasound uses frequencies of 1 to 20 million cycles per second (1 to 20 MHz).

PTS: 1 REF: p. 9 OBJ: Demonstrate an understanding of the basic principles and terminology of ultrasound.

TOP: Introduction to basic ultrasound principles - Acoustics

7. The device that converts energy from one form to another is called the:

• digitizer.
• transducer.
• scan converter.
• beam former.

ANS: B

Piezoelectric elements (transducers) convert electric energy into ultrasound energy and vice versa.

PTS: 1 REF: p. 12

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Textbook of Diagnostic Sonography 8th Edition Hagen-Ansert Test Bank

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OBJ: Demonstrate an understanding of the basic principles and terminology of ultrasound.

TOP: Introduction to basic ultrasound principles - Acoustics

8. The angle of reflection is equal to the:

• acoustic impedance.
• angle of incidence.
• refraction.
• image resolution.

ANS: B

Angle of reflection is the angle between the reflected sound direction and a line perpendicular to the media boundary.

PTS: 1 REF: p. 6 OBJ: Demonstrate an understanding of the basic principles and terminology of ultrasound.

TOP: Historical overview of sound theory and medical ultrasound

• The display mode that shows time along the horizontal axis and depth along the vertical axis

is:

• A mode.
• B mode.
• M-mode.
• real-time.

ANS: C

Motion mode (M-mode) displays the depth along the vertical axis versus the time along the horizontal axis.

PTS: 1 REF: p. 15

OBJ: Identify ultrasound instruments and discuss their uses.

TOP: Pulse-echo display modes - M-mode

• Which one of the following statements about the Doppler principle is false?
• Doppler refers to a change in frequency in which the motion of laminar or

turbulent flow is detected within a vascular structure.

• The beam should be perpendicular to the flow.
• The Doppler shift is directly proportional to the velocity of the red blood cell.
• If the red blood cell moves away from the transducer, then the fall in frequency is

directly proportional to the velocity and direction of the red blood cell movement.

ANS: B

The beam should be parallel to the flow to obtain the maximum velocity. The frequency of the Doppler shift is proportional to the cosine of the Doppler angle. At a 90-degree angle (perpendicular to flow), the Doppler shift is zero, regardless of the flow velocity.

PTS: 1 REF: p. 18 |p. 19

OBJ: Discuss three-dimensional and Doppler ultrasound.

TOP: Doppler Ultrasound - Doppler Shift

11. The Fresnel zone is also called the:

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Textbook of Diagnostic Sonography 8th Edition Hagen-Ansert Test Bank