COMPLETED EXAM - COMPLETED EXAM 1. What is the difference betwee...

NSG 6002

Health Policy & Health Promotion

COMPLETED EXAM

2024

• What is the difference between health policy and health promotion? How do they relate to each

other?

• Health policy is a set of decisions, plans, and actions that are undertaken by governments or other

organizations to achieve specific health goals in a society. Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. Health promotion involves addressing the social, environmental, and behavioral determinants of health, as well as providing health education and counseling. Health policy and health promotion are interrelated, as health policy can create the conditions and opportunities for health promotion, and health promotion can inform and influence health policy.

• What are some of the main challenges and opportunities for health policy and health promotion in

the 21st century?

• Some of the main challenges for health policy and health promotion in the 21st century include: the

increasing burden of chronic diseases and aging populations; the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases and pandemics; the impacts of climate change and environmental degradation on health; the persistence of health inequities and social determinants of health; the globalization and commercialization of health; the complexity and fragmentation of health systems; and the ethical and human rights implications of new technologies and interventions. Some of the main opportunities for health policy and health promotion in the 21st century include: the availability of evidence-based interventions and best practices; the advancement of digital and data-driven solutions; the engagement of civil society and communities; the empowerment of individuals and groups; the collaboration and coordination across sectors and levels; and the recognition and integration of diverse perspectives and values.

• What are some of the key principles and strategies of health promotion? Give examples of how

they can be applied in practice.

• Some of the key principles and strategies of health promotion include: empowerment, participation,

equity, partnership, intersectoral action, advocacy, sustainability, evidence-informed decision making, capacity building, settings-based approach, multisectoral collaboration, holistic view of health, etc.Examples of how they can be applied in practice are: empowering individuals and communities to take action on their own health; involving stakeholders in planning, implementing, and evaluating health promotion activities; addressing the root causes and structural barriers that affect health outcomes; working with partners from different sectors and disciplines to address common health issues; advocating for policies and environments that support health; ensuring that health promotion interventions are relevant, effective, efficient, ethical, and adaptable; using data and research to inform decision making and monitor progress; enhancing the skills, knowledge, resources, and networks of individuals, groups, and organizations involved in health promotion; focusing on specific settings where people live, work, learn, play, etc., to create supportive environments for health; collaborating with multiple actors at different levels (local, national, regional, global) to coordinate actions and share experiences; considering the physical, mental, social, spiritual, cultural, economic, political, etc., dimensions of health.

• What are some of the main models or theories that inform health promotion practice? How can

they help to understand and address health issues?

• Some of the main models or theories that inform health promotion practice include: the social-

ecological model, which recognizes that individuals are influenced by multiple levels of factors (individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, policy); the transtheoretical model or stages of change model, which describes how individuals move through different stages of readiness to change their behavior (precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance); the health belief model, which explains how individuals perceive their susceptibility to a disease, the severity of its consequences, the benefits of taking action, the barriers to doing so, and the cues to action that motivate them; the theory of planned behavior, which predicts how individuals form intentions to perform a behavior based on their attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control; the social cognitive theory, which emphasizes how individuals learn from observing others and how they regulate their own behavior through self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and self-monitoring; the diffusion of innovations theory, which explains how new ideas or practices spread through a population based on their relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability.

• What are some of the main methods or tools that are used in health promotion practice? How can

they help to plan, implement, or evaluate health promotion interventions?

• Some of the main methods or tools that are used in health promotion practice include: needs

assessment, which is a systematic process of identifying and prioritizing the problems and assets of a target population or community; logic model, which is a visual representation of how an intervention or program is expected to work, showing the inputs, activities, outputs, outcomes, and impacts; SWOT analysis, which is a strategic planning tool that assesses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of an intervention or program; SMART objectives, which are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound goals that guide and monitor the implementation and evaluation of an intervention or program; process evaluation, which is a form of evaluation that examines the implementation and delivery of an intervention or program,