Exam 1 Study Guide - Basic Concepts of Pharmacognosy

Exam 1 Study Guide Lecture 1 - Basic Concepts of Pharmacognosy (10 Points) Pharmacognosy The science of biogenic or nature-derived pharmaceuticals and poisons Herbal Medicine vs Natural Product Herbal Medicine - Mixtures Natural Product - Pure substance Lecture 2 - History (10 points) History of Pharmacognosy Developed continuously since 1500 BC Ancient Greek Medicine Pedanius Dioscorides (father of Western medicine) oWrote De Materia Medica Chinese Traditional Medicine Shen Nong (Devine Countryman) - mythical sage ruler oTried all of his herbal medicines Tao Hongjing oCollected commentaries of Shen Nong and summarized o365 drugs of botanical origin Li Shizhen - 16th century oWrote Ben Cao Gong Mu oEach treatment based on person Ben Cao Gang Mu - Information about medicinal drugs, monographic treatment Unique and systematic examination, diagnosis, prescription and medication Merging of Chinese traditional medicine and western modern medicine

Debate on:

oFormulation, active ingredients, therapeutic implication Ayurveda (Ancient Hindu Medicine) Knowledge of life Jamu (Indonesian traditional medicine) Unique herbal remedies Includes topical herbs

Kampo (traditional Japanese medicine) Combination of Chinese traditional medicine and Japanese native medicine European Traditional Medicine Knowledge in chemistry and progress in separation techniques -> birth of natural product William Withering - Understood why treatment works because he knew the science behind it Discovery of quinine was the switching point from herbal medicine to isolating chemical entity (synthetic drug)

*You can find a quizlet to help with the Lecture 2 material here:

https://quizlet.com/_5awvdw

Lecture 3 - Herbal Medication (10 points) Herbal Medication Americans spend a lot of money per year on complementary alternative medicine (CAM) Herbs - fastest growing segment of community practice Why People Turn to Herbal Medications Believe that natural is safe -> NOT TRUE Distrust of drugs Belief that life was better in the old days Widespread travel = exposure to other cultures

Self-help and get away from complicated health care systems Cost Referrals Facts and Problems FDA Special REGULATION Quality control oSource of herbs, time of harvest, age, storage oContamination, pollutants, other plants, pesticides oProcessing method

Efficacy: not formally established

Mechanism: not fully understood

Active components: not clearly known

Claims: many based on old terms or ideas of illness

oPurify blood, stimulate appetite, good for the lungs, good for the nerves Source Information oNot systematic oOld and outdated pharmacognosy books Pharmacists’ Challenge, Opportunity, and Professional Responsibility Information on herbs for patients Monitor patients for toxicities Monitor patients for drug interactions Counsel patients on efficient use Responsible for quality of herbs *For the examples below, know what part of structure causes the therapeutic effects St. John’s Wort Hypericin binds to GABA receptor 8 ring system = strong absorption

Use: anxiety, depression, insomnia

Side effects: skin photosensitivity, allergic reaction, dry mouth

Echinacea Natural phenol Caffeic acid glycoside

Uses: Prevention and treatment of common cold, wound healing

Side effects: fever, nausea, vomiting

Ginkgo