Freuds Stages of Development

Theories Freud’s Stages of Development oOral (birth to 1 year) Sucking, biting, chewing oAnal (1 to 3 years) Potty training, holding sphincter oPhallic (3 to 6 years) Obsessed with genitals oLatency (6 to 12 years) Not developing anything new oGenital (12 + years) Puberty, maturation of reproductive system Piaget’s Cognitive oSensorimotor (birth to 24 months) Progresses from reflex activity to imitative behavior oPreoperational (2 to 7 years)

Egocentrism: unable to put oneself in place of another.

Focused on self.oConcrete Operational (7 to 11 years) Increasingly logical thought, inductive reasoning oFormal Operational (11 to 15 years) Adaptability, flexibility, abstract thought Erikson’s Psychosocial oTrust vs Mistrust (birth to 1 year) Trust that basic needs such as nourishment and affection will be met oAutonomy vs Shame/Doubt (1 to 3 years) Develop a sense of independence in many tasks oInitiative vs Guilt (3 to 6 years) Take initiative on some activities – may develop guilt when unsuccessful or boundaries are overstepped oIndustry vs Inferiority (6 to 12 years) Develop self-confidence in abilities when competent or sense of inferiority when not met oIdentity vs Role Confusion (12 to 20) Experiment with and develop identity and roles. Obsessed with body/image Developmental milestones of infants – newborn to 1 year (physical and also cognitive) Very rapid in first year of life, especially initial 6 months

Infants grow 5 to 7 oz weekly until about 5-6 months old, birth weight has at least doubled.Weight gain slows during second 6 months and by 1 year birth weight has tripled.Breast fed infants self-regulate energy intake Height increases by 2.5 cm (1 inch) a month during first 6 months, slows during second 6 months By 1 year length almost 50% longer than birth length Head circumference increases approx. 2 cm per month for first 3 months, then 1 cm for 4-6 months, then declines to 0.5 cm per month during second 6 months. By 1 year head size has increased almost 33%.Cranial sutures close – posterior fontanel by 6 to 8 weeks, anterior fontanel by 12 to 18 months Head Control o3 months Hold heads well beyond the plane of their bodies o4 months Can lift their heads and front portion of their chest at 90 degrees above table o4 to 6 months Well established o5 moths Ability to willfully turn from belly to back o6 months Able to roll from back to belly o7 months Can sit alone, leaning forward on hands for support o8 months Sit well wile unsupported and begin exploring their surroundings o10 months Can maneuver from prone to a sitting position Grasping o2 to 3 months Occurs as reflex and gradually becomes voluntary o5 months Able to voluntarily grasp objects o6 months Increased manipulative skill (grasp feet and pull to mouth) o7 months Transfer objects from one hand to another

o8 to 9 months Use crude pincer grasp o10 months Progress to neat pincer grasp (can pick up raisins and finger foods) o11 months Put objects into containers and like to remove them o1 year Try to build towers of 2 blocks but fail Cognitive Development oSensorimotor stage Progress from reflexive to simple repetitive to imitative activities

Separation: learn to separate themselves from other

objects

Object permanence: learn that objects still exist even when

out of view

Mental representation: the ability to recognize and use

symbols Developmental milestones of toddlers – 1 to 3 years (physical and also cognitive/moral) Proportional changes oPhysical growth slows considerably oAverage weight gain is 4-6 lbs per year oBirth weight is quadrupled by 2 ½ years old oHeight increase is 3” per year and occurs in legs rather than trunk

oGrowth chart: steady growth curve that is steplike rather than

linear (straight) Sensory changes oVisual acuity of 20/40 considered acceptable oSenses of hearing, smell, taste, and touch become increasingly well developed, coordinated with each other, and associated with other experiences Maturation of systems

oGI system: control of elimination during this time

Gross motor development: locomotion

o12-13 months: walk alone using wide stance for extra balance

o18 months try to run but fall easily

o2 years: can walk up and down stairs

o2 ½ years: can jump using both feet, stand on one foot for a

second, and can manage a few tiptoe steps

Fine motor development: manual dexterity

o12 months: can grasp a very small object

o15 months: can drop a raisin into a narrow-necked bottle.

Throwing objects and retrieving them become almost obsessive activities

o18 months: can throw a ball overhand

Psychosocial – Erikson’s oAutonomy vs Shame/Doubt Independence is paramount while they attempt to do everything for themselves Often use negativism to express independence Maintain routines to provide sense of comfort Cognitive – Piaget’s oPreoperational Concept of permanence increases Have and demonstrate memories of events that relate to them Domestic mimicry evident (playing house) Does not allow them to understand viewpoints but they do imitate Moral

oEgocentric: unable to see things from others’ perspectives, all

about themselves oPunishment and obedience orientation begins with sense of rewarded good behavior and punished for bad behavior Developmental milestones of school-aged – 6 to 12 years (physical and also cognitive/moral)

Weight: gain about 2 to 3 kg per year

Height: grow about 5 cm per year

Prepubescence: 2-year period that precedes puberty

oPuberty for girls at 10, boys at 12 Physical changes oFat distribution changes oLonger legs, lower center of gravity oIncreased muscle tissue Immature muscles so overuse injuries common in sports Maturation of systems oGI – less stomach aches oImmune system is more competent