Midterm 6635 PMHNP Walden University January 2021

Midterm 6635 PMHNP Walden University January 2021

A Norepinephr . ine B GABA .C Dopamine .D Acetylcholin . e

Answer:

Dopamine Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is linked to defects in the cortico-striatal- thalamic-cortical (CSTC) circuitry, which may be linked to neurotransmitter dysregulation throughout this network. Serotonin, dopamine, glutamate, and - aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the main neurotransmitters throughout the CSTC.

Compulsive behaviors linked to OCD are likely the product of a related dopaminergic reward system dysfunction. Continuous ventral striatum activation may lead to an undirected expectation of reward. Anxiety and a desire to fill the gap are caused by unfulfilled expectations.

• points

QUESTION 2

• Select the class of drugs most effective in treating pain disorder.

A Opioid analgesics .B TCA and SSRI . antidepressants C Beta-adrenergic . blockers D Mood stabilizers .

Answer:

Opioids analgesics Opioid analgesics are drugs that function on opioid receptors that are used to alleviate pain. Weak opioid analgesics are often used to describe compound analgesics that combine acetaminophen with low levels of codeine or tramadol. Opioid analgesics, which include oxycodone, hydrocodone, and codeine, can be used to relieve mild to extreme acute pain.

Opioids are medications that are chemically similar to, but more potent than, the body's own pain relievers (endorphins). They operate by binding to receptors on cells, primarily in the brain, spinal cord, and gastrointestinal tract.Step-by-Step explanation References

• points

QUESTION 1

• Select the neurotransmitter involved in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in

children and adolescents based on the common comorbidity of tic disorders.

Midterm 6635 PMHNP Walden University January 2021

Andrieu, G., Amrouni, H., Robin, E., Carnaille, B., Wattier, J. M., Pattou, F., ...& Lebuffe, G. (2017). Analgesic efficacy of bilateral superficial cervical plexus block administered before thyroid surgery under general anaesthesia. British journal of anaesthesia, 99(4), 561-566.

Mangione, M. P., & Crowley-Matoka, M. (2018). Improving pain management

communication: how patients understand the terms "opioid" and

"narcotic". Journal of general internal medicine, 23(9), 1336.

QUESTION 3

• Select the most commonly occurring eating disorder.

A Anorexia . nervosa B Bulimia . nervosa C Purging .D Binge .

Answer:

• Anorexia Nervosa

Step-by-Step explanation Anorexia nervosa is one eating disorder that most people have heard of. People with anorexia often starve themselves in order to achieve an unattainable ideal of thinness. This condition, like many eating disorders, tends to affect more women than men.

• points

QUESTION 4

• Select the disorder in which inflicting injury to self or others is common.

A Pain

Midterm 6635 PMHNP Walden University January 2021

• points
• points

B Conversion .C Somatic . symptom D Factitious .

Answer:

Pain Step-by-Step explanation Self-inflicted injury is the act of intentionally harming one's own body without meaning for the injury to be fatal. People who engage in self-inflicted injury typically do so in an attempt to cope with distress, anger and other painful emotions.

People who self-injure are more likely to be highly self-critical and be poor problem-solvers. In addition, self-injury is commonly associated with certain mental disorders, such as borderline personality disorder, depression, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and eating disorders

Person who hurts himself is called a masochist, meaning he take pleasure in pain

The types of injury include cuts, scrapes, scratches and punctured skin. They often happen because of an accident, but surgery, sutures and stitches also cause wounds. Minor wounds usually aren't serious, but it is important to clean them. Serious and infected wounds may require first aid followed by a visit to your doctor.

Reference; Lewis, S. J., Arseneault, L., Caspi, A., Fisher, H. L., Matthews, T., Moffitt, T. E., ... & Danese, A.(2019). The epidemiology of trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder in a representative cohort of young people in England and Wales. The Lancet Psychiatry, 6(3), 247-256.

QUESTION 5

• Select two imaging methods used to study anxiety disorders.

A CT .

B TM . S C MRI .D EKG .

Answer:

B . and C .Step-by-Step explanation Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) refers to a type of scan which uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the body. It has a high resolution which makes it possible to study the anxiety disorder.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is used in the treatment of patients with major depression. It is also used in the study of anxiety disorders.

Midterm 6635 PMHNP Walden University January 2021

• points

QUESTION 6

• Select the two factors that do not cause dissociative amnesia.

A Sexual . abuse B Substance . abuse C Surgical pain .D Partner . betrayal

Answer:

A .Step-by-Step explanation The correct answer is;

• Sexual abuse
• Partner betrayal

Substance abuse and surgical pain can cause dissociative amnesia.Dissociative amnesia is a disorder in which a person loses track of vital details from their past.This forgetfulness can be limited to a few key areas (thematic), or it might encompass a large portion of a person's life history and/or identity (general).Drug and alcohol usage not only raises the risk of having a co-occurring or comorbid substance use disorder, but it can also intensify dissociative amnesia symptoms.Dissociative disorders are essential to the pain physician because persistent pain can be accompanied with dissociative symptoms. A disruption in the integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, or perception characterizes dissociative disorders.

QUESTION 7

• Select the correct epidemiologic fact about major depression in children and

adolescents.A There is a 20% incidence by age 18 .B The incidence is equal in adolescent females and males .C There is a decreased incidence after 20 .D The incidence is five- to ten-fold greater in children with a parent or sibling . with major depression