NR 341 EXAM PREP VERIFIED Complex Adult Health COMPLETED 2023

• What are the common causes and complications of acute pancreatitis? How

would you assess and manage a patient with this condition?

• The common causes of acute pancreatitis are gallstones, alcohol abuse, trauma,

infections, medications, and hypertriglyceridemia. The complications include necrosis, infection, pseudocyst, abscess, hemorrhage, shock, and multiorgan failure.

• To assess a patient with acute pancreatitis, you would obtain a detailed history of

the onset, duration, and severity of abdominal pain, as well as any associated symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, fever, jaundice, or weight loss. You would also perform a physical examination to check for abdominal tenderness, guarding, rigidity, distension, or ascites. You would also monitor the vital signs, fluid balance, and urine output. You would also order laboratory tests to measure the serum amylase, lipase, calcium, glucose, liver enzymes, and blood count. You would also order imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI to confirm the diagnosis and evaluate the extent of pancreatic damage.

• To manage a patient with acute pancreatitis, you would provide supportive care

such as pain relief, fluid resuscitation, electrolyte replacement, nutritional support, and oxygen therapy. You would also administer antibiotics if there is evidence of infection or necrosis. You would also consult with a surgeon if there is indication for surgical intervention such as gallstone removal, drainage of pseudocyst or abscess, or necrosectomy

• What are the risk factors and clinical manifestations of chronic obstructive

pulmonary disease (COPD)? How would you educate and empower a patient with this condition to improve their quality of life?

• The risk factors for COPD are smoking, exposure to air pollution or occupational

dusts and chemicals, genetic predisposition (alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency), aging, and history of respiratory infections. The clinical manifestations of COPD are dyspnea on exertion or at rest, chronic cough with or without sputum production, wheezes or crackles on auscultation, barrel chest or increased anteroposterior diameter of the chest wall, cyanosis or clubbing of the fingers or toes, weight loss or muscle wasting, and cor pulmonale or right-sided heart failure.

• To educate and empower a patient with COPD to improve their quality of life,

you would provide information about the disease process and its management. You would also encourage smoking cessation and avoidance of environmental triggers.You would also teach the patient how to use inhalers or nebulizers correctly and how to monitor their symptoms and oxygen saturation. You would also advise the patient to follow a balanced diet and maintain hydration. You would also promote physical activity and pulmonary rehabilitation to improve exercise tolerance and muscle strength. You would also refer the patient to support groups or counseling services to cope with emotional stress and depression.

• What are the types and causes of stroke? How would you differentiate between

ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke based on the clinical presentation and diagnostic tests? How would you prevent secondary complications in a patient with stroke?

• The types of stroke are ischemic and hemorrhagic. Ischemic stroke occurs when a

blood clot blocks a blood vessel in the brain, depriving it of oxygen and nutrients.Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures, causing bleeding into the brain tissue or the subarachnoid space.

• The causes of ischemic stroke are thrombosis (formation of a clot within a blood

vessel), embolism (traveling of a clot from another part of the body), or hypoperfusion (reduced blood flow due to low blood pressure or cardiac arrest).The causes of hemorrhagic stroke are hypertension (high blood pressure), aneurysm (ballooning of a blood vessel wall), arteriovenous malformation (abnormal connection between arteries and veins), trauma (injury to the head or neck), or anticoagulant therapy (use of blood thinners).

• To differentiate between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke based on the clinical

presentation and diagnostic tests,

you would look for the following signs and symptoms:

• Ischemic stroke: sudden onset of focal neurological deficits such as weakness or

numbness on one side of the body, aphasia (difficulty with speech or language), dysarthria (slurred speech), dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), visual disturbances (blurred vision or loss of vision in one eye), hemianopia (loss of vision in half of the visual field), ataxia (loss of coordination), vertigo (dizziness), or confusion. The symptoms may vary depending on the location and size of the affected brain area.

What are symptoms of a stroke, brain attack, and CVA? -Correct Answer= *Headache

*Confusion

*Seizures

*Incontinence

*Vomiting

*Disorientation

*Diplopia

*Ptosis

*Hypertension

*Apraxia

*Decreased Neuromuscular control

*Memory Impairment

*Aphasia (L Hemisphere for CVA)

*Decreased cough/Swallow Reflex

*Agnosia (Decr. Sensory interpretation)

*Hemiparesis/hemiplegia

*Emotional Liability

*Loss of corneal reflex

*Homonymous *Hemianopsia